オブジェクトのクローン作成
オブジェクトのコピーを作成する際、そのプロパティも全て二重化することが、 常に望ましい動作であるわけではありません。 コピーコンストラクタが必要となる例として、 GTKウインドウを表すオブジェクトを有しており、 そのオブジェクトがGTKウインドウのリソースを保持している際、 コピーを作成する時に、同じプロパティを有するウインドウを作成し、 その新しいオブジェクトがその新しいウインドウのリソースを保持する ようにしたい場合が考えられます。 他の例としては、 オブジェクトがそのオブジェクトが使用する他のオブジェクトへのリファレンスを 保持しており、親オブジェクトをコピーする際に、そのコピーが独立したオブジェクトの コピーを有するように、そのオブジェクトのインスタンスを新たに作成したい場合が 考えられます。
オブジェクトのコピーは、clone キーワード (これは、そのオブジェクトの __clone() メソッドがある場合にこれをコールします)により作成されます。
$copy_of_object = clone $object;
オブジェクトのクローンが作成される際、PHP は、そのオブジェクトのプロパティを 全てシャローコピーします。他の変数へのリファレンスを保持する全てのプロパティは、 リファレンスのままとなります。
__clone(): void
クローンの作成が完了すると、 __clone() メソッドが定義された場合、新規の作成されたオブジェクトの __clone() メソッドがコールされるため、この中で、プロパティに 必要な変更を行うことができます。
例1 オブジェクトのクローン作成
<?php
class SubObject
{
static $instances = 0;
public $instance;
public function __construct() {
$this->instance = ++self::$instances;
}
public function __clone() {
$this->instance = ++self::$instances;
}
}
class MyCloneable
{
public $object1;
public $object2;
function __clone()
{
// this->object のコピーを作成します。こうしないと、
// 同じオブジェクトを指すことになってしまいます。
$this->object1 = clone $this->object1;
}
}
$obj = new MyCloneable();
$obj->object1 = new SubObject();
$obj->object2 = new SubObject();
$obj2 = clone $obj;
print "元のオブジェクト\n";
print_r($obj);
print "クローンオブジェクト\n";
print_r($obj2);
?>上の例の出力は以下となります。
元のオブジェクト
MyCloneable Object
(
[object1] => SubObject Object
(
[instance] => 1
)
[object2] => SubObject Object
(
[instance] => 2
)
)
クローンオブジェクト
MyCloneable Object
(
[object1] => SubObject Object
(
[instance] => 3
)
[object2] => SubObject Object
(
[instance] => 2
)
)
新しくクローンしたオブジェクトのメンバーに、作成したその式の中でもアクセスできます:
例2 クローンしたオブジェクトのメンバーへのアクセス
<?php
$dateTime = new DateTime();
echo (clone $dateTime)->format('Y');
?>上の例の出力は、 たとえば以下のようになります。
2016
＋add a note
User Contributed Notes 11 notes
jorge dot villalobos at gmail dot com ¶
19 years ago
I think it's relevant to note that __clone is NOT an override. As the example shows, the normal cloning process always occurs, and it's the responsibility of the __clone method to "mend" any "wrong" action performed by it.
jojor at gmx dot net ¶
14 years ago
Here is test script i wrote to test the behaviour of clone when i have arrays with primitive values in my class - as an additonal test of the note below by jeffrey at whinger dot nl
<pre>
<?php
class MyClass {
private $myArray = array();
function pushSomethingToArray($var) {
array_push($this->myArray, $var);
}
function getArray() {
return $this->myArray;
}
}
//push some values to the myArray of Mainclass
$myObj = new MyClass();
$myObj->pushSomethingToArray('blue');
$myObj->pushSomethingToArray('orange');
$myObjClone = clone $myObj;
$myObj->pushSomethingToArray('pink');
//testing
print_r($myObj->getArray()); //Array([0] => blue,[1] => orange,[2] => pink)
print_r($myObjClone->getArray());//Array([0] => blue,[1] => orange)
//so array cloned
?>
</pre>
MakariVerslund at gmail dot com ¶
17 years ago
I ran into the same problem of an array of objects inside of an object that I wanted to clone all pointing to the same objects. However, I agreed that serializing the data was not the answer. It was relatively simple, really:
public function __clone() {
foreach ($this->varName as &$a) {
foreach ($a as &$b) {
$b = clone $b;
}
}
}
Note, that I was working with a multi-dimensional array and I was not using the Key=>Value pair system, but basically, the point is that if you use foreach, you need to specify that the copied data is to be accessed by reference.
emile at webflow dot nl ¶
14 years ago
Another gotcha I encountered: like __construct and __desctruct, you must call parent::__clone() yourself from inside a child's __clone() function. The manual kind of got me on the wrong foot here: "An object's __clone() method cannot be called directly."
ben at last dot fm ¶
15 years ago
Here are some cloning and reference gotchas we came up against at Last.fm.
1. PHP treats variables as either 'values types' or 'reference types', where the difference is supposed to be transparent. Object cloning is one of the few times when it can make a big difference. I know of no programmatic way to tell if a variable is intrinsically a value or reference type. There IS however a non-programmatic ways to tell if an object property is value or reference type:
<?php
class A { var $p; }
$a = new A;
$a->p = 'Hello'; // $a->p is a value type
var_dump($a);
/*
object(A)#1 (1) {
["p"]=>
string(5) "Hello" // <-- no &
}
*/
$ref =& $a->p; // note that this CONVERTS $a->p into a reference type!!
var_dump($a);
/*
object(A)#1 (1) {
["p"]=>
&string(5) "Hello" // <-- note the &, this indicates it's a reference.
}
*/
?>
2. unsetting all-but-one of the references will convert the remaining reference back into a value. Continuing from the previous example:
<?php
unset($ref);
var_dump($a);
/*
object(A)#1 (1) {
["p"]=>
string(5) "Hello"
}
*/
?>
I interpret this as the reference-count jumping from 2 straight to 0. However...
2. It IS possible to create a reference with a reference count of 1 - i.e. to convert an property from value type to reference type, without any extra references. All you have to do is declare that it refers to itself. This is HIGHLY idiosyncratic, but nevertheless it works. This leads to the observation that although the manual states that 'Any properties that are references to other variables, will remain references,' this is not strictly true. Any variables that are references, even to *themselves* (not necessarily to other variables), will be copied by reference rather than by value.
Here's an example to demonstrate:
<?php
class ByVal
{
var $prop;
}
class ByRef
{
var $prop;
function __construct() { $this->prop =& $this->prop; }
}
$a = new ByVal;
$a->prop = 1;
$b = clone $a;
$b->prop = 2; // $a->prop remains at 1
$a = new ByRef;
$a->prop = 1;
$b = clone $a;
$b->prop = 2; // $a->prop is now 2
?>
tolgakaragol at gmail dot com ¶
5 years ago
Here is a basic example about clone issue. If we use clone in getClassB method. Return value will be same as new B() result. But it we dont use clone we can effect B::$varA.
class A
{
protected $classB;
public function __construct(){
$this->classB = new B();
}
public function getClassB()
{
return clone $this->classB;
}
}
class B
{
protected $varA = 2;
public function getVarA()
{
return $this->varA;
}
public function setVarA()
{
$this->varA = 3;
}
}
$a = new A();
$classB = $a->getClassB();
$classB->setVarA();
echo $a->getClassB()->getVarA() . PHP_EOL;// with clone -> 2, without clone it returns -> 3
echo $classB->getVarA() . PHP_EOL; // returns always 3
Hayley Watson ¶
17 years ago
It should go without saying that if you have circular references, where a property of object A refers to object B while a property of B refers to A (or more indirect loops than that), then you'll be glad that clone does NOT automatically make a deep copy!
<?php
class Foo
{
var $that;
function __clone()
{
$this->that = clone $this->that;
}
}
$a = new Foo;
$b = new Foo;
$a->that = $b;
$b->that = $a;
$c = clone $a;
echo 'What happened?';
var_dump($c);
stanislav dot eckert at vizson dot de ¶
10 years ago
This base class automatically clones attributes of type object or array values of type object recursively. Just inherit your own classes from this base class.
<?php
class clone_base
{
public function __clone()
{
$object_vars = get_object_vars($this);
foreach ($object_vars as $attr_name => $attr_value)
{
if (is_object($this->$attr_name))
{
$this->$attr_name = clone $this->$attr_name;
}
else if (is_array($this->$attr_name))
{
// Note: This copies only one dimension arrays
foreach ($this->$attr_name as &$attr_array_value)
{
if (is_object($attr_array_value))
{
$attr_array_value = clone $attr_array_value;
}
unset($attr_array_value);
}
}
}
}
}
?>
Example:
<?php
class foo extends clone_base
{
public $attr = "Hello";
public $b = null;
public $attr2 = array();
public function __construct()
{
$this->b = new bar("World");
$this->attr2[] = new bar("What's");
$this->attr2[] = new bar("up?");
}
}
class bar extends clone_base
{
public $attr;
public function __construct($attr_value)
{
$this->attr = $attr_value;
}
}
echo "<pre>";
$f1 = new foo();
$f2 = clone $f1;
$f2->attr = "James";
$f2->b->attr = "Bond";
$f2->attr2[0]->attr = "Agent";
$f2->attr2[1]->attr = "007";
echo "f1.attr = " . $f1->attr . "\n";
echo "f1.b.attr = " . $f1->b->attr . "\n";
echo "f1.attr2[0] = " . $f1->attr2[0]->attr . "\n";
echo "f1.attr2[1] = " . $f1->attr2[1]->attr . "\n";
echo "\n";
echo "f2.attr = " . $f2->attr . "\n";
echo "f2.b.attr = " . $f2->b->attr . "\n";
echo "f2.attr2[0] = " . $f2->attr2[0]->attr . "\n";
echo "f2.attr2[1] = " . $f2->attr2[1]->attr . "\n";
?>
fabio at naoimporta dot com ¶
8 years ago
It's possible to know how many clones have been created of a object. I'm think that is correct:
<?php
class Classe {
public static $howManyClones = 0;
public function __clone() {
++static::$howManyClones;
}
public static function howManyClones() {
return static::$howManyClones;
}
public function __destruct() {
--static::$howManyClones;
}
}
$a = new Classe;
$b = clone $a;
$c = clone $b;
$d = clone $c;
echo 'Clones:' . Classe::howManyClones() . PHP_EOL;
unset($d);
echo 'Clones:' . Classe::howManyClones() . PHP_EOL;
flaviu dot chelaru at gmail dot com ¶
6 years ago
<?php
class Foo
{
private $bar = 1;
public function get()
{
$x = clone $this;
return $x->bar;
}
}
// will NOT throw exception.
// Foo::$bar property is visible internally even if called as external on the clone
print (new Foo)->get();
yinzw at chuchujie dot com ¶
8 years ago
It's clearly depicted in the manual, about the mechanism of clone process:
- First, shallow copy: properties of references will keep references (refer to the same target/variable)
- Then, change content/property as requested (calling __clone method which is defined by user).
To illustrate this process, the following example codes seems better, comparing the the original version:
class SubObject
{
static $num_cons = 0;
static $num_clone = 0;
public $construct_value;
public $clone_value;
public function __construct() {
$this->construct_value = ++self::$num_cons;
}
public function __clone() {
$this->clone_value = ++self::$num_clone;
}
}
class MyCloneable
{
public $object1;
public $object2;
function __clone()
{
// 强制复制一份this->object， 否则仍然指向同一个对象
$this->object1 = clone $this->object1;
}
}
$obj = new MyCloneable();
$obj->object1 = new SubObject();
$obj->object2 = new SubObject();
$obj2 = clone $obj;
print("Original Object:\n");
print_r($obj);
echo '<br>';
print("Cloned Object:\n");
print_r($obj2);
==================
the output is as below
Original Object:
MyCloneable Object
(
[object1] => SubObject Object
(
[construct_value] => 1
[clone_value] =>
)
[object2] => SubObject Object
(
[construct_value] => 2
[clone_value] =>
)
)
<br>Cloned Object:
MyCloneable Object
(
[object1] => SubObject Object
(
[construct_value] => 1
[clone_value] => 1
)
[object2] => SubObject Object
(
[construct_value] => 2
[clone_value] =>
)
)